Meanwhile, in paragraph 14 stated that education is an early childhood development efforts aimed at children from birth to age six years through the provision of educational stimulus to promote the growth and physical and mentally readiness of the child to have to enter further education.
The results of the field of neurology research conducted by Osborn, White and Bloom, at the age of 4 years of the first half of the capacity of the human intellect has been formed, which means if pasa age children do not find stimulation of the brain is maximal, then the potential for a child's brain will not develop optimally.
Children who have mentally retardation / tuna graha is the son of suffering: feeble-minded, mentally retarded, stupid or dumb, Pander, stupid, oligofrenia, capable learners, able to train, complete dependence, mentally subnormal, mentally deficits, cognitive deficits, mentally disability, mentally deficiency and intellectual impairment.
Early childhood education also applies to children who have mentally retardation / tuna graha as contained in the UUSPN no. 20/2003 article 32 in which special education is an education for students who have difficulty in following the learning process because of physical, psychological, social, and / or have the potential of intelligence and special talents.
I hope my writing can assist educators in making appropriate treatment for children with mentally retardation / tunagraha, so that students can recognize differences in mentally retarsasi children with normal children, and can perform appropriate actions in educating mentally retarded children .
A. Understanding
Mentally retardation is a state with less intelligence (subnormal) since the time of development (from birth or from childhood.) There is usually a lack of mentally development as a whole, but the main symptoms of mentally retardation is a retarded intelligence or mentally retardation.
Mentally retardation is not a disease, although mentally retardation is the result of pathological processes in the brain that gives an overview of the intellectual limitations and adiptif function. Mentally retardation can occur with or without a mentally disorder or no mentally disorder or other physical disorders.
According to the American Association on Mentally Deficiency (AAMD) in B3PTKSM, defined as a disorder that includes Tunagrahita general intellectual functioning below the average - average, which is down by 84 IQ test and appear before the age of 16 years. Meanwhile, according to the Japan League mentally pengertiantuna For Mentally Retarded is the slow pace of intellectual functioning, ie IQ below 70 to a standard based on intelligence tests and occurs during development, ie between the time of conception until the age of 18.
According to the ICD, is a condition of retarded metal cessation of / no growth / incomplete development of mind characterized by impairment of skills dimanifeskan during the period in which these developments influenced the development of the overall level of mentally disability that is the basic level of cognitive ability, language, social and motor skills.
B. Cause
1. Prenatal factors: usually due to abnormalities of chromosome
- Caused by a toxin, rubella (measles), typus, alcoholic
- Trauma to the central nervous system
- High blood pressure, malnutrition
- Prenatal trauma
2. Natal factors: It usually occurs during or immediately after child birth
- Children born prematurely with very small weight
- Lack of oxygen at birth
- Due to the help of vacuum / forceps
3. Post-natal factors: It could be during pregnancy and child birth do not experience any problems, but after that the child contracted encephalitis, lead poisoning and brain damage then this condition can cause mentally retardation in children, as in
- Psychosocial
- Education
- Culture / cultural
- Family
- Nutrition after birth
C. Characteristic of mental retardation children
a. Below normal IQ of less than 100
b. experience delays in all areas, language, motor, and social
c. can not be completed until the SD
d. can not concentrate for too long
e. the abstraction is less
f. lacking vocabulary
g. thoughts, memories, desires, conditions are worse than normal children
h. the child can not be normal
D. Characteristics of Mentally Retardation
a. Children's cognitive proficiency level is very different from the normal child, of his or her IQ classification alone they can be categorized as:
• mild mentally retardation (IQ = 55-69)
• mentally retardation moderate (IQ = 40-54)
• severe mentally retardation (IQ = 25-39)
• very severe mentally retardation (IQ = under 25)
With different degrees of mentally retardation that the level of support services they also make a different. Memory skills, generalize, motivation, language and academic skills are limited.
b. Socially, many children with mentally retardation have difficulties in relationships with others.
c. Adaptive behavior was no terytama impaired in terms of communication, self care, social skills, daily life, enjoy leisure, health and safety, self-directing capabilities, functions and involvement in the academic community.
d. Emotionally, they are often mired in a state of loneliness and depression.
e. Physically and medically, there is usually no physical and medical conditions are very different from most children.
E.Variasi Debilitas
1. Idiot savant, has a very strong memory of anything but limited to certain areas.
2. Pseudo Debil, behaving like a child but debil debil his results did not show, due to environmental conditions.
3. Debilitas Harmony, debil, but feelings, socialization, good will, but a low IQ levels, experience barriers to learning.
4. Debilitas Disharmonis, disturbed personality, eg, inferiority, complex, complex nature of the childish, spoiled, spoiled, agrasi (shouted - shouted), ngambekan, stubborn, like exile, false heroism.
5. Children are able to practice (trainable), only able to be trained, not educated, IQ level of 20 / 25-50
6. Idioasi, children are not able to train and educate the total, dependence with other people is very high.
F.Klasifikasi based on physical
• Cretain (critinisme), human-sized mini / small, less hormone thyroxine
• Mongoloid / Down syndrome
• Microchepalus, small head due to the radiation equipment
• Macrochepalus, enlarged head, caused by germs tockshow plasma, present in bird droppings, cat.
G.Untuk determine the child's mental retardation
1. Test of intelligence
2. Observations of behavior
3. Assestment of behavior
4. Therapy
H.Therapy
a. primary prevention
- Education
- Business in the health
- The provision of external services
b. secondary and tertiary prevention
- Education for children should be programmed
- Behavioral therapy, both cognitive and psychodynamic
• Behavioral therapy is used to establish and improve social behavior
• Cognitive aims to dispel the belief - a false belief
• Education family, the parents in order to receive their children are happy
Pharmacology, drugs - drugs that can suppress aggression (treksa chlorpromazine, to eliminate / control motor movement)
It should Parental attitudes:
a. Realistic
b. Appropriate action
c. Giving children the opportunity to develop the extent of its ability
d. Treating children with normal children except on things - things that the child is stunted
Conclusion
Mentally Retasdasi is a form of cognitive functioning is significantly below normal. Indicated with an IQ of about 70 or less, with a deficiency in adaptive behavior at the appropriate age (communication, social skills, and self-care) who appeared before the age of 18.
Mentally retardation identification problem arises because of the emergence of historical trends in IQ scores. Cause of mentally retardation known as genetic disorders, traumatic accidents, prenatal exposure to infection or alcohol, and environmental exposure to lead or mercury levels are high.
Mental retardation can be prevented through genetic counseling, prenatal care, amniosentetis (examination of amniotic fluid), regular checkups and health care for newborns as well as nutrition services for pregnant women and infants.
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