Language Skills of Children

The development is a change that lasts a lifetime with increasing body structure and function is more complex in motor skills rough, smooth movement, speech and language as well as socialization and independence. The characteristics of growth and development, among others, changes physical, changes in the proportion, the disappearance of the old signs and replaced by the new signs. Development of speaking and writing is a process that uses expressive language in shaping meaning. Development of the child to speak at the beginning of the murmur and the parrot.

A baby from day to day will experience the development of language and speech, but of course every child is not exactly the same achievement. There are some fast talking that takes a bit longer. To assist in its development capital can help provide stimulation tailored to the uniqueness of each child.

In line with the growth and physical maturation primarily concerned with the process of speaking, communication is growing and expanding, for example with the people around him and growing with new people who are known and friendly to him.

There are significant differences between the understanding of language and speech. Languages ​​include all forms of communication, both expressed in the form of oral, written, sign language, the language of gestures, facial expressions or mime art. While the talk is that spoken language is the most effective form of communication, and the most important and most widely used. Language development is always increased with increasing age. Parents should always pay attention to these developments. For this period, largely determines the learning process. It can be. done with a good example, to motivate children to learn and so on.

From this background, so I can formulate it into some formulation of the problem, namely:
1. Stage of development of spoken language of children in general.

2. Delays and hazards (noise) in the development of speech in children.

Stage of development of spoken language in general child

Language development is divided into two great periods, namely: Prelinguistik period (0-1 years) and Linguistics (1-5 years). This began a period of linguistics from the child's desire uttered the first word, which is the most amazing moment for parents. Linguistic period is divided into three major phases, namely:

A.   Phase one word or Holofrase

In this phase the child uses one word to express thoughts kornpleks, either in the form of desires, feelings or findings without a clear distinction. For example, the word sit. For children can mean "I want to sit down", or a chair seat, it can also mean 'mother was sitting ". New parents can understand and comprehend what is meant by the child, if we know in what context tersrbut spoken word. Of course, studying expression (expression), motion and other body language. In general, the first words spoken by the child is a noun, after some time then followed by a verb.

B.   Phase is more than one word

Phase two words appear in children aged 18 months sekkar. In this phase the child is able to make simple sentences consisting of two words. Sentences are sometimes composed of the principal sentence and the predicate, sometimes with the principal object of the sentence grammatically incorrect. After the two words, there was a sentence with three words, followed by four words, and so on. In this period the language used by the child is no longer self-centered, from and for himself. Start communicating with others smoothly. Parents began to question and answer with a simple child. The child began to talk with the sentences themselves are simple.

C.   The third phase is the phase of differentiation

The last period of the bcrlangsung infancy between the ages of two and a half to five years. Skills in speaking children begin to smoothly and rapidly evolving. In speaking of the child not only adds a wonderful vocabulary but the child will begin to be able to say word for word according to its kind, especially in the use of nouns and verbs. Children have been able to use the pronoun "I" to call himself, was able to use the word in the plural, prefix, suffix and communicate more smoothly again with the environment. Children begin to criticize, question, answer, ruling, telling and other forms of common words for a conversation "style" adult.

Vygostky explained that there were three stages of speech development in children is closely linked to the development of the child's thinking, namely:

1. The external phase. That happens when a child speaks externally where the source comes from outside ourselves to think that giving children guidance, information and perform a responsibility to the child.

2. Egocentric stage. That is where the children speak according to his way of thinking and speech patterns of adults.

3. Internal.Yaitu stage in the process of thinking in which the child has had a full appreciation of the ability to speak.

Talk is one of the most effective communication tool. Since children are still babies often realize that by using body language needs can be met. But it does not understand what is meant by a child. Therefore, both infants and young children stlalu other people trying to get the point. This is what encourages people to learn to speak and prove that talk is the most effective communication tool than the form-bcntuk other communication used by the child prior to articulate. Therefore, for the children to talk not only an achievement but also serve to achieve its objectives, for example:

Bottom of Form

1)      As of satisfying the needs and desires.

Speaking children with easy to explain the needs and desires without having to wait for others to understand the cries, gestures or facial expressions. Thus the ability to speak can reduce the frustration caused by the child's parents or the environment do not understand what is meant by a child.

2)      As a means to attract the attention of others.

 In general, any child feel good about being the center of attention of others. With the conversational skills of children through the opinion that the other person's attention to it easily available through a variety of questions posed to parents such as when children are forbidden to say the words are inappropriate. In addition, it speaks also to express ideas, though often times does not make sense, for parents, and even a child can use speaking skills to dominate the situation so that there is good communication between the child with his interlocutor.

3)      As a means to foster social relationships.

Child's ability to communicate with others is an important requirement to be a part of the group in his neighborhood. With the communication skills of children Icbih readily accepted by the peer group and can mempcroleh kescmpatan Icbih lot to get a role as pcmimpin of a group, when compared with children who are less skilled or lack the ability to communicate well.

4)      As a means to evaluate yourself.

From the statements of others can know how the child's feelings and opinions of the person for something he had said. In addition to the children also got the impression of how to assess the environment itself. In other words the child can evaluate themselves through others.

5)      To be able to influence the thoughts and feelings of others

A child who likes to comment, saying harm or unpleasant things about others can lead to children not popular or unpopular with the environment. In contrast to children who like mcngucapkan fun words can be a major medal. For children to be accepted and received sympathy from the environment.

6)      To influence the behavior of others.

With the ability to speak well and confidently child can affect other people or peers who misbehave to be a polite friend. Ability and skill to speak well can also be a major capital for the child to become a leader in the environment because peers trust and sympathetic to him.

A.      Factors Affecting Language Development

Early introduction of the language needed to acquire good language skills in his book "Psychology of Child and Adolescent Development" Syamsu Yusuf said that the development of language is influenced by five factors: health factors, intelligence, statsus socioeconomic, gender, and relationship family.

 In detail, can be identified a number of factors that influence the development of language, namely:

a. Cognition (Obtaining Process Knowledge)

High and low cognitive ability of individuals will affect how quickly the development of individual languages. This is relevant to the foregoing discussion that there is a significant correlation between the language of one's mind.

b. Communication patterns in families.

In a lot of family communication patterns will accelerate the development of language families.

c. Total Number of Children or Families.

A family who has many family members, child language development more quickly, due to a variety of communication compared to having only a single child and no family members other than the core.

d. The birth order position.

Language development of children born in the middle position would be faster than firstborn or youngest child. This is due to the eldest son has a way of communication to the bottom only and youngest child has only communication upward direction only.

e. Use two languages

Children raised in families who speak more than one or even better and faster language development than those who only use one language as a child used to using language as a variable. For example, in the house he used the language of Sunda and outside the home she was using the Indonesian language.

Factors that affect the child speaks early childhood known as the rattler, because often times children can not speak easily disjointed speech. The most important factors in the child a lot of talk that is:

1. Intelligence. That is more intelligent (smart) child, the sooner the child master the skills of speaking.

2. Type of discipline. That is, children who tend to be raised by more disciplined way than in a violent speech.

3. The position of the sequence. That is the firstborn tends to / parent driven for most of the talking than his brother.

4. The amount of family

5. Socioeconomic status

6. Status of the race

7. Speaking two

8. Classification of sex roles

Potential Child Speaking Powered by Few Things:

1)      Maturity means speak.

The ability to speak is also dependent on the maturity of the tools to speak. For example, throat, palate, mouth wide and Iain could affect the maturity to talk. The new equipment has to function properly after the perfect and can make or produce a good word with a start talking.

2)      readiness to talk.

Mental readiness of the child is very dependent on the growth and maturation of the brain. Readiness is usually started in children aged 12-18 months, called the teachable moment of speech development. At the time the child is really ready to learn. speak the truth. If there is no disruption of children will soon be able to speak even yet clear intent.

3)      There is a good model to be emulated by children.

Children may require a specific model in order to pronounce the word correctly to be combined with other words that it becomes a meaningful sentence. The model can be obtained from others, such as parents or siblings, who often listened to the radio or TV, or movie actor who speaks in clear and meaningful. Child will have difficulty if not get scbagaimana models mentioned above. With scndirinya potcnsi child can not develop properly.

4)      The opportunity to practice.

If children lack the skills to talk exercise there will be frustration and even anger are often the cause is not understood by the parents or the environment: In turn, the child lacks the motivation to learn to speak generically called "child is slow" speech.

5)      Motivation to learn and practice.

Motivate and train the child to speak is very important for children because to satisfy his need to harness the potential of children. Parents should always strive to be the child's motivation to speak do not get distracted or direction.

6)      Guidance.

Guidance for the child is. important to develop their potential. Therefore, parents should like to give an example or model for the children, talking quietly to easily followed by children and parents are ready to critique or correct if the child does something wrong to speak. Guidance should always be carried out continuously and consistently so that children do not have difficulty when talking with others.

Measures to help children's language development:

1.       Read.

This activity is the most important activity to do with the children every day. When parents read, point to pictures in books and mentioned the name of the picture aloud. Ask children to point to the same image as the one mentioned earlier. Make reading a fun and interesting for children and do it every day.

2. Talk about simple activities that parents and children USING simple language.

3. Introduce new words in children every day, can be the names of plants, animal's name or the name of the food prepared for him.

4. Try not to finish the sentence the child. Give him a chance to find yourself the right word he wanted to.

5. Talk to your child every day, and look at them when talking or listening to them. Let them know that they are very important.

Here are some ways to stimulate speech development toddler more smoothly, and he liked to say:

• Tell us busy. Just say out loud what you are doing and throw questions for toddlers.
• So the 'role model'. When your toddler says "cucu" to susu, use the correct pronunciation when you respond.

• Posing as "stupid". Give toddlers the opportunity to ask and express their needs before you give him. For example, when playing, the ball rolling and you know he wants you to return the ball to him, just pretend you do not understand, give a puzzled expression and asked.
• Stay real. Avoid excessive to say the word or speak a foreign language or lingua franca that is not understood children aged 1-2 years. Parents should speak in sentences in the language of regular and correct, that will help children understand how to combine words into meaningful sentences.

II. Delays and hazards (noise) in the development of speech in children.

If the level is below the level of development of speech quality of speech development of children who are generally the same which can be determined from the appropriate usage in vocabulary (language) the child at the time with their peers talk / speak using words continue to be young to play with words -said. Delay in speaking not only affects academic and personal adjustment of children of the most serious is the effect on the ability to read at the beginning of school children. Many causes of speech delay in children is generally low level of intelligence that makes the child may not learn to speak as well as their peers, a normal or high intelligence, lack of motivation for children to know that they can communicate adequately with the urge to speak form before the parent / adults, the limited opportunities for speaking practice strict limits on how much they are allowed to speak at home.
One cause is undoubtedly the most common and most serious is the inability to encourage / motivate the child to talk, even when the child starts chattering. If the child is not given stimulus (stimulation) are encouraged to chatter, this will inhibit the use in the language / vocabulary is good and right.

Deficiency is a cause of serious impetus late talking children seen from the fact that if parents do not just talk to their children but also use a wider vocabulary and varied, as for the child's ability to speak in a fast growing very rapidly and is an example: the children of the middle class is more or whose parents are eager to tell them (kids) learn to speak earlier (faster) and better. Much less likely to experience delays in speaking to children. Whereas children from lower class whose parents are unable to provide the impetus for them, whether the lack of time / because they do not realize how important a child's speech development in these students.

Disturbance / danger in speech development in children, namely:

1.      Weaknesses in speaking (language) vocabulary

2.      Slow to develop a language / speaking in

3.      Speaks frequently of irregular

4.      No concentration in receiving a word (language) from a parent / teacher.

A common mistake in pronunciation / language (speaking) in children, namely:

1.      Removes one syllable / more often located in the middle of the word eg papaya became marshy.

2.      Replace the letters / syllables such as milk becomes grandchildren.

3.      Eliminating the hard consonants spoken by the child for example: z, w, s, d, and g.

4.      Vowels in particular O is the most difficult to say the child (spoken)

5.      Stands for a difficult combination of consonants spoken by children for example: "st, sk, dr, fl, str".

The development of speech is a process that is very difficult and complicated. There are several obstacles that are often experienced by children, among others:

1)      Children's whiny.

Children often cry excessively may cause physical and psychological child. Physically, the disorder may be a lack of energy so that it can automatically cause the child's condition does not fit. While the psychic disorder that arises is feeling rejected or unloved by their parents or other family members. While the social reaction tcrhadap crying children usually negative. Therefore, the role of parents is very important to overcome it, one way to teach communication efektif for children.

2)      Child is difficult to understand the content of the speech of others.
Often children can not understand the contents of the conversation the parents or other family members. This is due to a lack of vocabulary in children. Besides, because parents often speak very quickly to use words that have not been known by. Children. For families who use the two languages ​​(bilingual) children will be. more difficult to understand the speech of his parents or relatives who live in one house. Parents should always try to find the cause of the difficulty in understanding speech child in order to improve or correct if the child is less understood and even one interpret a conversation.

conclusion
Language development is divided into two great periods, namely: Prelinguistik period (0-1 years) and Linguistics (1-5 years). Factors that affect the child speaks early childhood known as the rattler, because often times children can not speak easily disjointed speech.
Speech development of children depends on the growth and development of speech (pronunciation) spoke of the child. In the speech learning in early childhood parents are very important, because without the help of parents, the child will not be able to speak. The purpose of the goal to train the child's speech development say the vocabulary words, eg "mam" mean here the child is saying "eat". Because of the effects of speech delay or speech impaired children from the neighborhood affected the child's upbringing and lack of parents to teach children to speak.